community – Page 12 – ANGFA Queensland

Why it’s safer to eat shellfish in months with a letter ‘R’

community, environment, fisheries, waterways/wetlands

Nov 232013

Original story by Callum Whyte, Scottish Association for Marine Science at The Conversation

Vomiting since 500-470 BC. Photo: Stefano Bolognini

As I was growing up, any time my mother suggested buying mussels or cockles for dinner, my gran would pipe up with the old adage that “you should only be eating shellfish when there’s an ‘R’ in the month”. In truth, my gran didn’t much care for seafood any month of the year but is there any validity in that old saying?

The waters around our coasts abound with different species of microscopic organisms. Many of them are autotrophic, which means they gain sustenance by photosynthesising the sunlight that filters down through the water column. Others are heterotrophic and need to consume prey to survive and a number of others, called mixotrophs, do a bit of both. This microscopic micro-plankton community sits at the bottom of the intricate food web that extends throughout our seas and oceans and shellfish, both wild and farmed, feed on it.

Warning on Cape Scott Trail, British Columbia. Photo: Rick McCharles

Diarrhoea, memory and paralysis

While the vast majority of these organisms are perfectly harmless, there are a few that are capable of producing a range of different toxins that can get into these shellfish and cause food poisoning – it isn’t just that shellfish have “gone off”. And these toxins can’t simply be removed by cooking in high temperatures.

The most familiar of these, diarrhoeal shellfish poisoning, struck 70 unfortunate mussel eaters in south-east England in July. Symptoms include diarrhoea but also common are nausea, vomiting and cramps that can begin within half an hour of eating infected shellfish.

There are three other forms of shellfish poisoning, each caused by different toxins and found in varying areas of the world. Paralytic shellfish poisoning caused mainly by saxitoxin can, as you probably guessed, cause paralysis. What starts as a tingling in your arms and legs can lead to paralysis of the lungs and in the worst cases can kill in a couple of hours.

Pseudo nitzschia produces domoic acid, which causes amnesic poisoning. Photo: Sams

Neurotoxic shellfish poisoning causes muscle ache and pinprick sensations, and the final type, amnesic shellfish poisoning, caused by the toxin domoic acid can cause permanent short-term memory loss, brain damage and death.

Plating up

Luckily, these forms are more rare and most outbreaks of shellfish poisoning feature more diarrhoea than paralysis. The July outbreak was traced back to mussels that had come from the coast of Shetland, which resulted in the closure of the fishery and several harvesting sites for several weeks. The responsible toxins in this case – okadaic acid and its derivative dinophysistoxins (DTX’s) – are produced by an attractive species of winged dinoflagellates, a group of marine plankton and persistent offender also known as Dinophysis.

Not to be confused with flagellants, though poisoning by these also hurts. Image: Fickleandfreckled

They are ubiquitous around our coasts, but of the 100 different species of Dinophysis or so that have been identified, only eight are confirmed to produce toxins. They are generally found in relatively low concentrations and present very little risk to the public. However, as with many of the other toxin producing micro-plankton, problems can arise as under the right conditions, their numbers start to increase. Concentrations of these organisms become what are known as harmful algal blooms. And they can occasionally reach levels high enough to discolour the water, turning it red, brown or green, giving rise to the term “red tide”.

Algal blooms from space. Van Gogh from Space

Not all species have to be present in large numbers to produce toxicity in shellfish. The number of Dinophysis found around Shetland this summer wasn’t enough to discolour the water but was much higher than usual, probably because unusual wind patterns in Shetland in June and July blew them onshore where they accumulated in the inlets and bays along the coast. And so the stage was set for the unfortunate poisoning finale over a thousand miles away.

So should you only eat shellfish when there’s an “R” in the month? Well, the majority of the dinoflagellate species that are capable of producing toxins are happiest when the top layers of the waters where they grow are stratified – when water with different properties form separate layers and levels of nutrients. This tends to happen during the summer months as the sun heats up the surface layer of the sea, lowering its density and allowing it to float on top of the cooler, denser water below. Perfect for marine plankton to thrive.

So, in general, there is likely to be more risk of a harmful bloom in summer and, as a rule of thumb, in the past abiding by the old aphorism may have saved you from some unpleasant stomach upsets.

Warmer seas and worrying blooms

Unfortunately, as sea temperatures continue to rise, the conditions favouring dinoflagellate growth are becoming more common and around the globe harmful algal blooms are perceived to be on the increase.

Warmer seas also mean that these favourable conditions can begin earlier in the year and end later, sadly, extending their growing season into months that do have an “R” in them.

Much of the shellfish produced in UK waters is farmed and as the industry continues to grow, the threat of closure due to harmful algae blooms is a worrying one.

Fortunately in the UK, research to find better prediction methods is ongoing, and the Food Standards Agency regularly monitors shellfish growing areas to ensure that the shellfish arriving on our plates is safe to eat. And while some areas may occasionally be forced to close there will always be others free from toxic algae where the shellfish can be safely harvested whatever month of the year.

Callum Whyte does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.

This article was originally published at The Conversation.
Read the original article.

Wireless in the wetlands

community, waterways/wetlands

Nov 212013

Original story by Lucy Barbour, ABC Rural

A group of volunteers restoring a wetland at Goulburn, on the New South Wales southern tablelands, have given the site a very modern touch - wifi.

Free internet is provided through a small solar panel and battery system, set up on a bird hide by the water.

Wifi in the wetlands. Rodney Falconer and Urs Walterlin are part of a community group helping to restore a wetland at Goulburn on the southern tablelands, in New South Wales, and they've given it free wifi.

It's part of a community-driven project by the Goulburn Group, which has given the town 10 free wifi spots in the last few years.

Volunteer Rodney Falconer says having wifi in the wetlands will attract more people to the region.

"And while they're here we can do all sorts of subversive things to them like educate them, get them to appreciate the environment, get them to think, 'hey, this is a really nice town'," he said.

"And then as they look around, they can see all the stuff around us was made by the community. It wasn't done by some wealthy guy giving us loads and loads of money, it was Goulburn people doing stuff."

The Goulburn Group was established about five years ago and its volunteer members work on sustainable economic, social and environmental developments for the region.

Urs Walterlin is the group's chairman and he says it's taken a lot of hard work to get to this stage.

"First you need partners, you need the businesses. They have to host these units," he said.

"It doesn't cost them actually anything except maybe 10 cents a year of power, but first they have to agree, they have to trust you.

"But the Goulburn Group has now done many many good projects and so these businesses who agree to be part of this Goulburn free wifi network, they say, 'ok, we give them a go because they've done good things before'."

Goulburn's free community wifi network, and the fact that it's available in a wetland, has attracted the attention of Australian scientists.

Doctor Ian McShane, a senior research fellow from the Centre for Urban Research at RMIT in Melbourne, thinks this is the first time that community-driven free wifi has been set up in Australia.

"Well, Goulburn's a national leader in terms of community wifi development, bottom up broadband, as it's sometimes referred to," he said.

"We're doing a research project on public wifi in Australia and Australia is probably about 10 years behind other parts of the world in public wifi rollouts.

"And interestingly enough, although most of the publicity in the last three of four months or so has been around the capital city rollouts of wifi in the CBDs, most of the interesting stuff is really happening in regional Australia."

Qld MPs trade blows over extending Stradbroke Island sand mining

community, government, waterways/wetlands

Nov 212013

Original story by Brad Ryan, ABC News

The Queensland Government and Opposition have accused each other of allowing "dirty deals" to dictate mining policy on North Stradbroke Island, off Brisbane.

Sandmining on Stradbroke Island. A bill has paved the way for the company Sibelco to extend sand mining on the island from 2019 until 2035. Photo: Giulio Saggin, ABC News

A bill passed overnight paves the way for the company Sibelco to extend sand mining on the island from 2019 until 2035.

Opposition environment spokeswoman Jackie Trad told Parliament the State Government has given preferential treatment to one of its supporters.

"The environmental conditions and the economic modelling used to justify the introduction of this bill have all been provided by the mining proponent Sibelco, who incidentally spent more than $90,000 at the last state election advocating a vote for [Premier] Campbell Newman," she said.

But Natural Resources Minister Andrew Cripps says there is nothing improper about the policy, which was an election commitment.

Mr Cripps says the island's economy would suffer under the former Labor government's plan to end sand mining in 2019.

"It is not this amendment bill that is the result of a dirty deal," he said.

"It was the 2011 Act that was a dirty deal between Labor and the Greens.

"Not only is this bill fixing up the mess left behind by Labor, but in the process it ensures that mining continues within a smaller footprint."

Steve Irwin’s Reserve in Cape York granted all-time protection

community, environment, government, waterways/wetlands, wildlife

Nov 202013

Original story by Amy Remeikis, Brisbane Times

There will never be mining in the Steve Irwin Wildlife reserve on Cape York.

Terri and Bindi Irwin thank the premier, after he announced that Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve would be protected. Photo: Amy Remeikis

Premier Campbell Newman announced the reserve "will be protected for all time as a vital environmental reserve" as a "strategic environmental area".

Terri and Bindi Irwin were at parliament for the announcement. Bindi, who was unaware of why she was there, said it was "probably the greatest day of of my life".

"This is so exciting, it is completely incredible and we are totally thrilled," she said.

"The Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve was truly set aside in honour of my dad and the legacy he had, to mark all the incredible work that he achieved during his life for wildlife and conservation. It is the most pristine land on planet Earth and we are just thrilled."

Different to a national park, which is owned by the people, a strategic environmental area designation is a planning instrument and will restrict land use to the ones considered appropriate.

In the case of the Steve Irwin Reserve, the only land use which will be permitted is an environmental one.

Which means Cape Alumina's $1.2 billion bauxite mine project, previously granted significant project status by the government, is out.

"This has a very direct impact on their proposals," Mr Newman said.

"They wanted to go into this area and that won't be feasible in this location.

"There will be no mine, on this location, on this designated land, on this reserve. The government has made this call and we have advised them of that."

It also spells the end of Labor's Wild Rivers legislation, which the government promised to repeal during the election campaign.

"The vital environmental areas on the Cape are going to be protected, the Steve Irwin Wildlife Reserve is a prime beneficiary or example of that, there will be economic opportunities for Aboriginal communities on the Cape, which is the other thing we promised," Mr Newman said.

"We said we'd get rid of Wild Rivers because it is a fundamentally flawed way of doing business. This new approach gives greater certainty, also opportunity, as well as protecting the vital areas of environmental interest."

The Wenlock River will also be declared a Strategic Environmental Area, but the Stewart, Archer and Lockhart River basin's will not.

Deputy premier Jeff Seeney will introduce the legislation in parliament on Wednesday afternoon.

Clean-up continues after wild storms hit northern Gold Coast

community

Nov 192013

Original story by Charmaine Kane at ABC News

Emergency services say they expect to be cleaning up for days after severe thunderstorms battered Queensland's northern Gold Coast yesterday.

The State Emergency Service (SES) got 360 calls for help from people whose homes were damaged in the storm,

Hail as big as golf balls pounded suburbs just after 4:00pm (AEST) yesterday, including Hope Island, Coomera, Coomera Waters and Oxenford.

Wind gusts of up to 140 kilometres per hour were recorded.

A number of homes and businesses were damaged.

A man aged in his 40s and a 15-year-old girl suffered minor injuries after a large tree fell on their car in Upper Coomera.

Gold Coast SES controller Jayd Woolard says extra crews are being called in to help continue the clean-up today.

"Most of the damage has been leaky roofs, broken tiles, broken windows and some trees down," he said.

Mr Woolard says one ceiling was in danger of collapsing and trees crashed onto two cars.

"Most of the damage is reasonably minor, there are some major bits out there and we are just doing our best to get through all the jobs," he said.

"We had around 360 jobs called in last night and so far we have completed about 120 of them."

Translink says all Gold Coast train and bus services are running as normal.

Waterspout winds rip roofs off in Hervey Bay

community

Nov 192013

Original story by Alyse Edwards at ABC News

Emergency crews were kept busy in Hervey Bay in south-east Queensland overnight after winds caused by a waterspout damaged homes.

Police say strong winds ripped through Urangan about 3:00am (AEST), knocking down trees and ripping roofs off two houses on King Street.

Senior Constable Jules Tyson says power has been disconnected at both properties and State Emergency Service crews will help clean up the damage this morning.

"We've experienced a lot of the waterspouts in the Hervey Bay area in the last couple of days with the weather - we believe it's one of those that's crossed over onto the land," he said.

Weather bureau spokesman Rick Threlfall says waterspouts can be quite hazardous.

Mr Threlfall says the spouts are difficult to forecast.

He says they generally stay over the water and very rarely come onto shore.

"Winds can get up to 100 kilometres an hour," he said.

"They still produce very strong winds in a very localised area.

"I think this only affected a couple of houses on one street, so it was very very localised, but they can still cause a fair bit of damage."

Fish fears rise over LNG port dredging

community, fisheries, government, waterways/wetlands

Nov 192013

Original story at The Australian

AN outbreak of diseased fish in Gladstone Harbour coincided with a toxic algal bloom that may have been fed by a leaking rock wall used to contain dredge spoils from the $33 billion Curtis Island LNG projects.

Dead fish in Gladstone Harbour. Photo: Gladstone Conservation Council

Gladstone Ports Corporation has known about the algal bloom and increased sediment from its infrastructure works for more than two years but only in recent weeks has it made the reports publicly available.

It said it still believed that heavy flooding was the primary cause of the outbreak of fish disease in 2011, as established by a scientific review.

However, the just-published 2011 report says it is "possible that harmful algal blooms may have been a possible contributing factor in the fish disease syndrome".

Veterinarian Matt Landos, who has investigated fish health in Gladstone, said the newly published material provided a convincing alternative point of view.

"Scientists can only work with the data which is provided to them," Dr Landos said.

"The full data now seriously contradicts the conclusions of the state and commonwealth that floods were to blame.

"Given the serious nature of the 'new' information that is now in the public realm, another independent review of the science around causes of Gladstone ecosystem crisis seems warranted, in addition to an inquiry into the decision-making around information control during the project."

The head of the scientific panel for the state's review, Ian Poiner, confirmed that the algae reports were not available at the time of its review into fish health and said he had not studied them in detail to determine whether they contradicted the official finding that the marine-health issues were related to flooding.

Dr Poiner is now chairman of Queensland government's Gladstone Healthy Harbour Panel.

A spokeswoman for GPC, whose dredging project is essential for the development of the Curtis Island liquefied natural gas plant, said the reports were made available to the federal government's independent review panel, which was requested by UNESCO.

The Weekend Australian revealed plans by GPC to dump 12 million cubit metres of dredge spoils into the Great Barrier Reef World Heritage Area have been blocked by Canberra. The spoils from the dredging of a second sea lane will now be used to reclaim land in Gladstone Harbour.

GPC has previously conceded environmental problems caused by a "leaking" bund wall designed to contain dredge spoils.

Gladstone Harbour was closed to fishing in September 2011, following reports from commercial fishermen in August that many fish were showing signs of disease. The ban was lifted but commercial fishermen continued to report high numbers of turtle, dugong and dolphin deaths.

GPC said it commissioned the special water-quality report in October 2011 after higher turbidity readings were recorded during this period, "due to extreme tidal movements, high wind conditions and the porosity of the bund wall".

The report finds "highly turbid waters were most likely created in September/October 2011 due to the addition of fine sediments derived from the overly porous bund wall and dredge-related operations".

It said organic matter comprised a large proportion of the total suspended sediments measured in October 2011, suggesting an algal bloom, particularly in the Western Basin area of the harbour. "Several potential harmful algal species were identified, which have previously been associated with fish kills."

An analysis of the algal bloom by Larelle Fabbro, from Central Queensland University, found three algal types, including Chaetoceros, had previously been associated with fish kills.

"There is scientific evidence that concentrations of Chaetoceros of more than five cells per millilitre can kill fish," Associate Professor Fabbro writes in her report. She says "concentrations of Chaetoceros were as high as 300 cells per millilitre in a sample taken on 12 October, 2011".

"The spines of this diatom spear into the gills and can result in significant damage," the report says.

"The sequence of injury is by initial penetration of the silica spines into the fish gills, capillary bleeding or the production of excessive quantities of mucus leading to death by suffocation."

Associate Professor Fabbro told The Australian it was a condition of her research that she not make any public comment.

But the 2011 report says "the finding of potentially toxic algal species was also of note in light of the fish disease syndrome which was being concurrently investigated in Port Curtis".

"A number of fish, particularly barramundi, had previously been presented in Port Curtis with lesions, rashes and excess mucous production with the syndrome being the focus of a separate independent investigation," it says. "Therefore it is possible that harmful algal blooms may have been a possible contributing factor in the fish disease syndrome."

GPC has confirmed that the water quality reports for September and October 2011 were not made publicly available until September this year.

But it said all relevant reports had been made to all government departments and relevant agencies.

It said the key finding was that research indicates an algal bloom was present in August 2011 prior to the start of dredging with the cutter-section dredge.

"Several potential harmful algal species were identified, which had been previously associated with fish kills," it said. "The algal species identified were not uncommon for the Port Curtis area, for that time of year."

It said an independent panel had concluded that, based on all data available, the most likely cause of fish health issues were flood-related.

Tens of thousands rally across Australia for climate action

community, environment, government

Nov 172013

Original story at ABC News

Organisers say 60,000 people attended rallies across the country today calling for stronger action on climate change.

Protesters gather during the National Day of Climate Action rally in Brisbane. The rallies were held in capital cities and more than 130 towns and regional centres. Photo: Kate Donnelly, AAP

The National Day of Climate Action was organised by activist groups including GetUp, the Australian Youth Climate Coalition and the Australian Conservation Foundation.

GetUp says 30,000 people gathered for the Melbourne event while 10,000 defied the rain to rally in Sydney.

The rallies were held in capital cities and more than 130 towns and regional centres.

National director of GetUp Sam Mclean says the rallies prove Australians believe climate change is a serious issue.

"From remote country towns to the big cities, Australians have come to their own conclusions after our hottest year on record. And they want action," he said.

At the Sydney event, Deputy Opposition Leader Tanya Plibersek was among the speakers.

She criticised the Coalition for not sending a senior Government representative to this week's climate talks in Warsaw.

"Was a trading emissions scheme working? Yes. Electricity from old brown sources of energy down, renewable up by 30 per cent in the first year of its operation," she told the crowd.

"Australia can't go backwards in the face of global action."

'Politicians should listen to people around the country'

At Melbourne's Treasury Place, campaigners donned board shorts, bikinis and sunscreen to highlight their cause, calling on politicians to act on climate change.

The Australian Conservation Foundation's Tony Mohr said it was time politicians started listening.

"Australians want to make sure that we continue to reduce emissions," Mr Mohr said.

"So politicians should listen to people around the country today - don't repeal the laws that we've got, and actually increase them, make them stronger, make them reduce pollution further."

The Climate Council's Tim Flannery also spoke at the Melbourne rally and called on the public to further embrace renewable energy.

"The simple truth is this, that we cannot leave a matter as important as climate change to the fickleness and whim of Australia's politicians," he said.

At the Adelaide rally in Elder Park, chief executive of the Conservation Council, Tim Kelly, said recent events did not bode well for cutting carbon emissions.

"One of the most disturbing things has been the moves to wind back the carbon price, to abandon the clean energy finance corporation, to cut funding to the Australian renewable energy agency, and getting rid of the climate change authority," Mr Kelly said.

"We're really heading in the wrong direction to tackle climate change."

More than 500 people in Darwin marched from the Rapid Creek bridge to the Nightcliff pool in support of the event.

Chanting "Aim higher, we want climate action" and holding placards that read "Climate science is not a croc", the group demanded the Federal Government change its policy on climate change.

Stuart Blanch from the Northern Territory Environment Centre says a price on carbon is the best way to address climate change.

"We think they need to listen to the many people in big business who want a carbon price," Mr Blanch said.

The campaign has been strong on social media, with hundreds of people sharing photos and videos on Twitter, Instagram and Facebook.

“River of ice from the sky” smashes pumpkins and melons

community

Nov 152013

STORM SEASON: Hail creates a wintry scene at Woodlands Road in Gatton. Photo: Mel Maeseele

Original story at the Queensland Times

A FARMER described the extraordinary hail storm that pelted the Lockyer Valley as a "river of ice from the sky".

Farmer Trevor Harm said Wednesday's storm had cost him two months' income.

He said he was a week away from picking about 28ha of pumpkins from his property but now his produce had been all smashed up.

Hail at Woodlands Road in Gatton on Wednesday afternoon. Photo: Mel Maeseele

Tenthill farmer Paul Windolf said about 16ha of his newly planted melon crop had been wiped out and he expected the damage bill to be in excess of $100,000.

Some of his paddocks were still under water yesterday.

The storm swept through the region with dangerous winds and hailstones the size of golf balls.

The SES received 97 calls for help, mainly for hail damage to windows and roofs, in the Laidley, Gatton and Toowoomba areas.

Storms swept through the area yesterday with local flooding reported in Albert St, Goodna, about 5pm.

A spokesman from the Bureau of Meteorology said storms were expected to continue through to Monday.

Warsaw talks: climate action is failing

community, environment, government

Nov 142013

Original story by Karen Elizabeth McNamara at The Conversation

Karen McNamara is reporting from the Warsaw Conference of Parties for The Conversation.

Climate impacts are at the forefront of Warsaw climate talks. Photo: Jakub Kaminski, EPA

One of the most hotly-contested issues on the agenda for the current round of climate talks in Warsaw is “loss and damage”, an attempt to compensate for impacts of climate change that we can’t mitigate or adapt against. Throughout the talks the international gathering will debate how much to contribute to funding for losses and damages, particularly for developing nations.

So far we’ve seen a number of perspectives in Warsaw. News of the unprecedented destructiveness of super typhoon Haiyan provided a sombre setting for the opening ceremony with Naderev Saño, the head of the Philippines delegation, making impassioned statements on the reality of climate inaction: “What my country is going through as a result of this extreme climate event is madness. The climate crisis is madness”.

Philippine delegate Naderev Saño makes a plea for climate action

Saleemul Huq, Director of the International Centre for Climate Change and Development, argued in an interview that:

These kinds of things are beyond adaptation and the developed world needs to understand that and needs to step up. Australia, along with other Annex I [including all OECD and transitional nations] countries, have to stop trying to deny the fact that there is real loss and damage due to climate change happening and will continue to happen.

The current talks are the 19^th meeting of the Conference of Parties (COP). The conference has seen slow progress in enacting the objective of the Climate Change Convention to stabilise “greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system”.

Since the first conference meeting in 1995 in Berlin, the focus on “solving” climate change revolved around mitigation – a logical and straightforward focus to prevent climate change. Unfortunately, wrangling over mitigation commitment targets from countries has seen huge delays and under-whelming progress.

By the mid 2000s, adaptation entered the international stage. This was pushed along even further by the release of the IPCC’s Fourth Assessment Report in 2007 that made a strong case that mitigation would not prevent all climate change impacts. In recent years this shift towards managing the problem has only magnified, even if emission trajectories were to be lowered substantially.

Unfortunately, adaptation too, is only part of the collective response needed. Adaptation is not the panacea to climate change. In some places, vulnerability to climate change will not be reduced by adaptation strategies — there will be limits to such action.

In some corners of the globe, socio-ecological systems will reach tipping points and places will become uninhabitable. In other places, thresholds for maintaining sustainable livelihoods will be reached as a result of limited financial or technical support and intervention, or high levels of exposure to climate stressors and limited adaptive capacity.

Regardless of our collective actions on climate change today, there will be irreplaceable losses and acute damages.

In an attempt to address these realities, an emerging discourse around loss and damage has unfolded at the climate change talks. It was first documented in a negotiated text in 2007 at the 13^th conference in Bali, and then re-appeared three years later at the 16^th in Cancún with an agreement to a work programme on loss and damage.

At the 18^th conference in Doha in 2012, parties agreed for institutional arrangements to address loss and damage as a result of climate change to be established at the current meeting.

Fast-forward to the current round of talks. A decision on loss and damage is expected, but the make-up of the arrangements is uncertain and will be fervently debated behind closed doors in the coming days. For developing countries, establishing an international mechanism on loss and damage is a pivotal stepping-stone.

More specifically, Munjurul Hannan Khan, the Spokesperson for the group of Least Developed Countries, stated in an interview that: “An international mechanism could actually consider insurance, compensation and rehabilitation in order to help climate vulnerable countries to address issues of loss and damage”.

These inclusions are likely to be at odds with the desires of a number of developed countries, particularly when it comes to issues of compensation and financial support for assessing and responding to loss and damage. Time will tell.

Karen Elizabeth McNamara does not work for, consult to, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has no relevant affiliations.

This article was originally published at The Conversation.
Read the original article.

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